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1 Community law
1. законы Сообщества
законы Сообщества
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

Community law
The law of European Community (as opposed to the national laws of the member states.) It consists of the treaties establishing the EC (together with subsequent amending treaties) community legislation, and decisions of the court of justice of the European Communities. Any provision of the treaties or of community legislation that is directly applicable or directly effective in a member state forms part of the law of that state and prevails over its national law in the event of any inconsistency between the two. (Source: DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- Community law
DE
- Gemeinschaftsrecht
FR
- droit communautaire
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Community law
2 state

I steit noun
1) (the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you're in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.)

2) (a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; (also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.)

3) (ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; (also adjective) state occasions/banquets.)

•

- stately
- stateliness
- statesman
- statesmanlike
- statesmanship
- get into a state
- lie in state
II steit verb
(to say or announce clearly, carefully and definitely: You have not yet stated your intentions.)

- statement

state¹ n

1. estado / condición

he's in a state of shock está en estado de shock

2. estado

how many states are there in the USA? ¿cuántos estados tiene Estados Unidos?

state² vb declarar / afirmar

he stated that he was innocent declaró que era inocente

El gerundio de state se escribe stating

state

tr[steɪt]

noun

1 (condition) estado

■ the state of the economy el estado de la economía

■ a state of shock un estado de shock

■ it's in a bad/good state of repair está en mal/buen estado

■ a terrible state of affairs una situación terrible

■ look at the state of this room! ¡mira cómo está la habitación!

2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (government) estado

■ affairs/matters of state asuntos del estado

■ Church and State la Iglesia y el Estado

3 (country, division of country) estado

■ a member state of EEC un país miembro de la CEE

■ one-party state estado de partido único

■ head of state jefe de estado

4 (ceremony, pomp) ceremonia, pompa, solemnidad nombre femenino

adjective

1 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL estatal, del estado

■ it came under state ownership pasó a ser propiedad del estado

transitive verb

1 (say, declare, express) exponer, declarar, afirmar

■ please state your name diga su nombre por favor

■ she's not afraid to state her views no tiene miedo de dar su opinión

■ he stated the facts clearly and simply expuso los hechos clara y simplemente

■ the document states the conditions el documento establece las condiciones

2 (specify) fijar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be in a state about something estar nervioso,-a por algo

to be in no fit state to do something no estar en condiciones de hacer algo

to get (oneself) into a state about something ponerse nervioso,-a por algo

to lie in state estar de cuerpo presente

to state the obvious estar de más decir(lo)

state benefit subsidio del estado

state capitalism capitalismo del estado

State Department SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores

state education enseñanza pública

state institution institución nombre femenino estatal

state occasion ocasión nombre femenino de estado

state of emergency estado de emergencia

state of mind estado de ánimo

state school escuela estatal, escuela pública

state secret secreto de estado

state visit visita de estado

the state opening of Parliament la apertura del Parlamento

the States los Estados nombre masculino plural Unidos

state ['steɪt] vt, stated ; stating

1) report: puntualizar, exponer (los hechos, etc.)

state your name: diga su nombre

2) establish, fix: establecer, fijar

state n

1) condition: estado m, condición f

a liquid state: un estado líquido

state of mind: estado de ánimo

in a bad state: en malas condiciones

2) nation: estado m, nación f

3) : estado m (dentro de un país)

the States: los Estados Unidos

state

adj.

• del estado adj.

• estatal adj.

• público, -a adj.

n.

• condición s.f.

• estación s.f.

• estado s.m.

• fausto s.m.

• paraje s.m.

• pompa s.f.

• tenor s.m.

v.

• afirmar v.

• declarar (Jurisprudencia) v.

• expresar v.

• plantear v.

• representar v.

I steɪt
1) noun

Sense I

2)

a) c ( nation) estado m; (before n)

state visit — visita f oficial, visita f de estado

b) c ( division of country) estado m

<the Staxes, police> — ( in US) del estado, estatal

3) u c ( Govt) estado m

affairs of state — asuntos mpl de estado

Church and State — la Iglesia y el Estado; (before n) (esp BrE) <control, funding> estatal

state education — enseñanza f pública

state pension — pensión f del estado

state school — escuela f pública or estatal or del estado

4) u ( pomp)

to lie in state — yacer* en capilla ardiente; (before n)

state occasion — ocasión f solemne

Sense II

5) c

a) ( condition) estado m

state of war/emergency — estado de guerra/emergencia

State of the Union message — ( in US) mensaje m or informe m presidencial sobre el estado de la Nación

in a poor state of repair — en bastante mal estado

state of health — (estado m de) salud f

state of mind — estado de ánimo

I was in no (fit) state to make a decision — no estaba en condiciones de tomar una decisión

what a state of affairs! — qué situación tan lamentable!

b) ( poor condition) (colloq)

just look at the state of your fingernails! — mira cómo tienes esas uñas!

she always leaves the kitchen in a state — siempre deja la cocina hecha un asco (fam)

c) ( anxious condition) (colloq)

to be in/get (oneself) into a state about something — estar*/ponerse* nervioso por algo

II

transitive verb \<\<person\>\> \<\<facts/case\>\> exponer*; \<\<problem\>\> plantear, exponer*; \<\<name/address\>\> ( in writing) escribir*, consignar (frml); ( orally) decir*; \<\<law/document\>\> establecer*, estipular

he stated that he had seen her there earlier — afirmó haberla visto antes allí

to state one's views — dar* su (or mi etc) opinión, exponer* su (or mi etc) punto de vista

he clearly stated that... — dijo or manifestó claramente que...

as stated above — como se indica más arriba

[steɪt]
1. N

1) (=condition) estado m

the current state of the housing market — el estado actual del mercado inmobiliario

• if this state of affairs continues — si las cosas siguen así

it is a sorry state of affairs when... — es una situación lamentable cuando...

• state of alert — estado m de alerta

• state of grace — estado m de gracia

• state of health — (estado m de) salud f

• to be in a bad or poor state — estar en mal estado

to be in a good state — estar en buenas condiciones

it wasn't in a fit state to be used — no estaba en condiciones de ser usado

he's not in a fit state to do it — no está en condiciones para hacerlo

he arrived home in a shocking state — llegó a casa hecho una pena

she was in no state to talk — no estaba en condiciones para hablar

• state of mind — estado m de ánimo

he was in an odd state of mind — estaba raro

• the state of the nation — el estado de la nación

• state of play — (Sport) situación f del juego

what's the state of play? — (fig) ¿cuál es la situación?

• state of repair — estado m

• state of siege — estado m de sitio

• state of war — estado m de guerra

• state of weightlessness — estado m de ingravidez

2) * (=poor condition)

• you should have seen the state the car was in — tenías que haber visto cómo estaba el coche

• just look at the state of this room! — ¡mira cómo está esta habitación!

• the flat was in a right state after the party — el piso estaba hecho un asco después de la fiesta *

3) * (=agitated condition)

• to be in a state — estar nervioso

his wife is in a terrible state — su mujer está nerviosísima

• to get into a state — ponerse nervioso

now don't get into a state about it — no te pongas nervioso

4) (=region, country) estado m

the State of Washington — el estado de Washington

the State of Israel — el estado de Israel

• the States * — (=USA) los Estados Unidos

• a state within a state — un estado dentro de un estado

5) (=government)

the State — el Estado

affairs of state — asuntos mpl de estado

Secretary of State — (US) Secretario(-a) m / f de Asuntos Exteriores

Secretary of State for Education — (Brit) Secretario(-a) m / f de Educación

6) (=rank) rango m ; (=office) cargo m

the state of bishop — la dignidad de obispo

7) (=pomp)

• to dine in state — cenar con mucha ceremonia

• to lie in state — estar de cuerpo presente

• to live in state — vivir lujosamente

• robes of state — ropas fpl de investidura

2. VT

1) frm (=say, show)

state your address and telephone number — (on form) escriba su dirección y número de teléfono; (orally) diga su dirección y número de teléfono

as stated above — como se indica más arriba

to state that... — [rules, law] estipular que...

it is nowhere stated that... — no se dice en ninguna parte que...

the article stated that she had been interviewed by the police — el artículo afirmaba que la policía la había interrogado

it must be stated in the records that... — tiene que hacerse constar en los archivos que...

2) (=declare, affirm) declarar

he has stated his intention to run for President — ha declarado su intención de presentarse como candidato a la presidencia

he has publicly stated that... — ha declarado públicamente que...

3) (=expound on, set out) [+ views] dar, expresar; [+ facts, case, problem] exponer

he was asked to state his views on the subject — se le pidió que diera or expresara su opinión sobre el asunto

I'm simply stating the facts — simplemente estoy exponiendo los hechos

to state the case for the prosecution — exponer los argumentos de la acusación

3.

CPD (Pol) [policy, documents, security] del Estado; [capitalism, socialism, visit, funeral, business] de estado

state aid N — ayuda f estatal

state apartments NPL — apartamentos destinados a visitas de mandatarios

state bank (US) N — banco m estatal or del Estado

state banquet N — banquete m de gala

state benefit N — subsidios mpl del Estado, subsidios mpl estatales

those receiving or on state benefit — aquellos que cobran subsidios del Estado or estatales

State Capitol N — (US) edificio donde tiene su sede el poder legislativo de un estado

state control N — control m público or estatal

to be/come under state control — pasar a manos del Estado

State Department N — (US) Ministerio m de Asuntos Exteriores

state education N — enseñanza f pública

State Enrolled Nurse N — (Brit) (formerly) enfermero(-a) m / f diplomado(-a) (con dos años de estudios)

state fair N — (US) feria f estatal

state funding N — financiación f pública

state highway N — (US) carretera f nacional

state legislature N — (US) poder m legislativo del estado

state line N — (US) frontera f de estado

state militia N — (US) [of specific state] milicia f del estado

state occasion N — acontecimiento m solemne

state of emergency N — estado m de emergencia

State of the Union Address N — (US) discurso m sobre el estado de la nación

See:

see cultural note STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS in state

state ownership N —

they believe in state ownership of the means of production — creen que los medios de producción deberían estar en manos del Estado, son partidarios de que los medios de producción estén en manos del Estado

state pension N — pensión f del Estado, pensión f estatal

state police N — [of country] policía f nacional; (US) [of specific state] policía f del estado

state prison N — (US) cárcel f estatal, prisión f estatal

State Registered Nurse N — (Brit) (formerly) enfermero(-a) m / f diplomado(-a) (con tres años de estudios)

State Representative N — (US) (Pol) representante mf del estado

State's attorney N — (US) procurador(a) m / f del Estado

state school N — (Brit) colegio m público, escuela f pública

state secret N — (lit, fig) secreto m de estado

state sector N — sector m estatal

State Senator N — (US) senador(a) m / f del estado

States' rights NPL — (US) derechos mpl de los estados

state subsidy N — subvención f estatal

state tax N — (US) [of specific state] impuesto m del estado

state trooper N — (US) [of specific state] policía mf del estado

state university N — (US) universidad f pública
STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS Se denomina State of the Union Address al discurso que el presidente de Estados Unidos dirige cada mes de enero al Congreso y al pueblo estadounidense, en que muestra su visión de la nación y la economía y explica sus planes para el futuro. Como el discurso recibe una amplia cobertura informativa, el mensaje del presidente va dirigido no solo a los parlamentarios sino a todo el país. Esta tradición de dirigirse al Congreso tras las vacaciones de Navidad se debe a que es un requisito de la Constitución que el presidente informe al Congreso de vez en cuando sobre the State of the Union.
STATES' RIGHTS state En EE.UU., States' rights son los derechos de los estados (como por ejemplo la recaudación de impuestos, la aprobación de leyes o el control sobre la educación pública) frente a los del gobierno federal. En la Décima Enmienda de la Constitución se dice que los poderes que la Constitución no concede a los Estados Unidos "se reservan a cada estado particular o al pueblo" y este polémico principio sirvió para justificar la secesión de los estados sureños antes de la Guerra Civil y se convirtió en una consigna contra la integración racial en el sur durante los años 50. Debido a la actual falta de confianza en el gobierno federal, que acapara cada vez más poderes a costa de un aumento del gasto, este principio tiene cada vez más seguidores.
* * *

I [steɪt]
1) noun

Sense I

2)

a) c ( nation) estado m; (before n)

state visit — visita f oficial, visita f de estado

b) c ( division of country) estado m

<the Staxes, police> — ( in US) del estado, estatal

3) u c ( Govt) estado m

affairs of state — asuntos mpl de estado

Church and State — la Iglesia y el Estado; (before n) (esp BrE) <control, funding> estatal

state education — enseñanza f pública

state pension — pensión f del estado

state school — escuela f pública or estatal or del estado

4) u ( pomp)

to lie in state — yacer* en capilla ardiente; (before n)

state occasion — ocasión f solemne

Sense II

5) c

a) ( condition) estado m

state of war/emergency — estado de guerra/emergencia

State of the Union message — ( in US) mensaje m or informe m presidencial sobre el estado de la Nación

in a poor state of repair — en bastante mal estado

state of health — (estado m de) salud f

state of mind — estado de ánimo

I was in no (fit) state to make a decision — no estaba en condiciones de tomar una decisión

what a state of affairs! — qué situación tan lamentable!

b) ( poor condition) (colloq)

just look at the state of your fingernails! — mira cómo tienes esas uñas!

she always leaves the kitchen in a state — siempre deja la cocina hecha un asco (fam)

c) ( anxious condition) (colloq)

to be in/get (oneself) into a state about something — estar*/ponerse* nervioso por algo

II

transitive verb \<\<person\>\> \<\<facts/case\>\> exponer*; \<\<problem\>\> plantear, exponer*; \<\<name/address\>\> ( in writing) escribir*, consignar (frml); ( orally) decir*; \<\<law/document\>\> establecer*, estipular

he stated that he had seen her there earlier — afirmó haberla visto antes allí

to state one's views — dar* su (or mi etc) opinión, exponer* su (or mi etc) punto de vista

he clearly stated that... — dijo or manifestó claramente que...

as stated above — como se indica más arriba

English-spanish dictionary > state
3 state

1. noun
1) (condition) Zustand, der

state of the economy — Wirtschaftslage, die

the state of play — (Sport) der Spielstand

the state of play in the negotiations/debate — (fig.) der [gegenwärtige] Stand der Verhandlungen/Debatte

the state of things in general — die allgemeine Lage

the state of the nation — die Lage der Nation

a state of war exists — es herrscht Kriegszustand

be in a state of excitement/sadness/anxiety — aufgeregt/traurig/ängstlich sein

2) (mess)

what a state you're in! — wie siehst du denn aus!

3) (anxiety)

be in a state — (be in a panic) aufgeregt sein; (be excited) ganz aus dem Häuschen sein (ugs.)

get into a state — (coll.) Zustände kriegen (ugs.)

don't get into a state! — reg dich nicht auf! (ugs.)

4) (nation) Staat, der

[affairs] of State — Staats[geschäfte]

5) (federal state) (of Germany, Austria) Land, das; (of America) Staat, der

the [United] States — sing. die [Vereinigten] Staaten

6)

State — (civil government) Staat, der

7) (pomp) Prunk, der

in state — in vollem Staat

lie in state — aufgebahrt sein
2. attributive adjective
1) (of nation or federal state) staatlich; Staats[bank, -sicherheit, -geheimnis, -dienst]

state education — staatliches Erziehungswesen

2) (ceremonial) Staats-
3. transitive verb
1) (express) erklären; (fully or clearly) darlegen; äußern [Meinung]; angeben [Alter usw.]

‘please state full particulars’ — "bitte genaue Angaben machen"

2) (specify) festlegen

at stated intervals — in genau festgelegten Abständen

* * *
I [steit] noun
1) (the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you're in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.) der Zustand

2) (a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; ( also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.) der Staat, Staats-...

3) (ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; ( also adjective) state occasions/banquets.) der Staat, Staats-...

•

- academic.ru/70394/stately">stately
- stateliness
- statesman
- statesmanlike
- statesmanship
- get into a state
- lie in state II [steit] verb
(to say or announce clearly, carefully and definitely: You have not yet stated your intentions.) erklären

- statement

* * *

state

[steɪt]

I. n

1. (existing condition) Zustand m

they complained about the untidy \state that the house had been left in sie beschwerten sich über die Unordnung, in der das Haus zurückgelassen worden war

the car was in a good \state of repair das Auto war in gutem Zustand

a sorry \state of affairs traurige Zustände

\state of liquidity FIN Liquiditätslage f

\state of the market COMM Marktverfassung

\state of siege/war Belagerungs-/Kriegszustand m

economic \state wirtschaftliche Lage

original \state ursprünglicher Zustand

2. (physical condition) körperliche [o physische] Verfassung

in a \state of dormancy im Schlafzustand

\state of exhaustion/fatigue Erschöpfungs-/Ermüdungszustand m

to be in a poor/good \state of health in einem schlechten/guten Gesundheitszustand sein

her mother is in a poor \state of health ihrer Mutter geht es nicht gut

\state of intoxication Vergiftung f

\state of rest Ruhezustand m

3. PSYCH (frame of mind) Gemütszustand m

we were worried by his depressed \state of mind seine niedergeschlagene Stimmung machte uns Sorgen

she has been in a \state of euphoria ever since hearing the news sie ist ganz euphorisch, seit sie die Neuigkeit erfahren hat

conscious \state [volles] Bewusstsein

semi-conscious \state Dämmerzustand m

unconscious \state Bewusstlosigkeit f

to [not] be in a fit \state to do sth [nicht] in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

4. ( fam: upset state)

to be in a \state mit den Nerven fertig sein fam

to get in[to] a \state [about sth] [wegen einer S. gen] durchdrehen

5. SCI

\state equation PHYS Zustandsgleichung f

solid/liquid/gaseous \state CHEM fester/flüssiger/gasförmiger Zustand

6. SOCIOL

\state of matrimony Stand m der Ehe

married \state Ehestand m

how do you enjoy the married \state? wie bekommt dir die Ehe?

single \state Leben nt als Single

7. REL

\state of grace Stand m der Gnade

8. (nation) Staat m

one-party/member \state Einparteien-/Mitgliedsstaat m

9. (in USA) [Bundes]staat m; (in Germany) Land nt

▪ the S\states pl ( fam: the United States of America) die Staaten pl fam

10. (civil government) Staat m, Regierung f

affairs [or matters] of \state Staatsangelegenheiten pl, Staatsgeschäfte pl

office of \state Staatsamt nt

the separation of Church and S\state die Trennung von Kirche und Staat

11. (dignified rank) Würde f, Rang m

the Queen rode in \state to open Parliament die Königin ritt in vollem Staat zur Parlamentseröffnung

the pomp befitting a queen's \state die einer Königin angemessene Pracht

to lie in \state aufgebahrt sein

II. adj attr, inv

1. (pertaining to a nation) staatlich, Staats-

\state monopoly Staatsmonopol nt, staatliches Monopol

\state ownership Staatseigentum nt, staatliches Eigentum

\state religion Staatsreligion f

2. (pertaining to unit)

the \state capital of Texas die Hauptstadt von Texas

\state fishing license für einen US-Bundesstaat gültige Angelerlaubnis

\state forest/park von einem US-Bundesstaat finanzierter Wald/Park

\state police Polizei eines US-Bundesstaates

\state sales tax von einem US-Bundesstaat erhobene Umsatzsteuer

3. (pertaining to civil government) Regierungs-

\state document Regierungsdokument nt, amtliches Schriftstück

\state enrolled/registered nurse BRIT staatlich zugelassene/geprüfte [o examinierte] Krankenschwester

\state records Regierungsunterlagen pl

\state secret ( also fig) Staatsgeheimnis nt

\state subsidy [staatliche] Subvention

\state support staatliche Unterstützung

4. (showing ceremony) Staats-

\state banquet Staatsbankett nt

\state funeral Staatsbegräbnis nt

the S\state Opening of Parliament die offizielle Eröffnung des Parlaments

\state visit Staatsbesuch m

III. vt

1. (express)

▪ to \state sth etw aussprechen [o äußern]

the problem can be \stated in one sentence man kann das Problem in einen Satz fassen

to \state one's case seine Sache vortragen

to \state one's objections seine Einwände vorbringen

to \state one's opinion seine Meinung sagen

to \state the source die Quelle angeben

to \state sth clearly/emphatically etw deutlich/mit Nachdruck sagen

to \state the obvious [or a commonplace] eine Binsenweisheit von sich dat geben

▪ to \state that... erklären, dass...

to \state formally that... offiziell bekanntgeben, dass...

▪ to \state why/what/how... darlegen, warum/was/wie...

2. (specify, fix)

▪ to \state sth etw nennen [o angeben]

to \state conditions [or terms] Bedingungen nennen

to \state demands Forderungen stellen

* * *
[steɪt]
1. n

1) (= condition) Zustand m

state of health/mind/war/siege — Gesundheits-/Geistes-/Kriegs-/Belagerungszustand m

married/single state — Ehe-/Ledigenstand m

to be in a state of weightlessness — sich im Zustand der Schwerelosigkeit befinden

the state of the nation — die Lage der Nation

the present state of the economy — die gegenwärtige Wirtschaftslage

in a liquid/solid state —

where animals live in their natural state — wo Tiere im Naturzustand leben

in a good/bad state — in gutem/schlechtem Zustand

he's in no (fit) state to do that — er ist auf gar keinen Fall in der Verfassung, das zu tun

what a state of affairs! — was sind das für Zustände!

look at the state of your hands! — guck dir bloß mal deine Hände an!

my papers are in such a state! — meine Papiere sind in einem furchtbaren Durcheinander!

the room was in a terrible state — im Zimmer herrschte ein fürchterliches Durcheinander

2) (inf

= anxiety) to get into a state (about sth) (inf) — wegen etw durchdrehen (inf)

to be in a terrible state (inf) — in heller Aufregung or ganz durchgedreht (inf) sein

3) (= rank) Stand m, Rang m

state of bishop — Bischofswürde f

4) (= pomp) Aufwand m, Pomp m

to be received in great state — mit großem Staat empfangen werden

to travel in state — aufwendig or aufwändig or pompös reisen

to lie in state — (feierlich) aufgebahrt sein

5) (POL) Staat m; (= federal state) (Bundes)staat m; (in Germany, Austria) (Bundes)land nt

the States — die (Vereinigten) Staaten

the State of Florida — der Staat Florida

a state within a state — ein Staat im Staate

affairs of state — Staatsangelegenheiten pl

2. vt
darlegen, vortragen; name, price, amount nennen, angeben; preference, purpose angeben; opposition, intention anmelden
to state that... — feststellen or erklären, dass...

to state one's case — seine Sache vortragen

it must be clearly stated in the records... — es muss aus den Akten einwandfrei hervorgehen,...

to state the case for the prosecution (Jur) —

the theme is stated in the first few bars — das Thema wird in den ersten paar Takten vorgestellt

unless otherwise stated — wenn nicht anders angegeben

as stated in my letter I... — wie in meinem Brief erwähnt,... ich...

* * *

state [steıt]

A

1. oft State POL Staat m: → affair 2

2. POL US (Bundes-, Einzel)Staat m:

state law Rechtsordnung f des Einzelstaates;

state’s attorney US Staatsanwalt m, -anwältin f; → evidence A 2 c

3. the States umg die Staaten (die USA)

4. Zustand m:

state of consciousness Bewusstseinszustand;

state of inertia PHYS Beharrungszustand;

(low) general state (schlechter) Allgemeinzustand;

in a state umg in miserablem Zustand ( → A 5 b);

in a state of nature im Naturzustand;

they are still in a state of nature sie laufen noch so herum, wie Gott sie geschaffen hat;

state of the Union message US (jährlicher) Rechenschaftsbericht (des Präsidenten) an die Nation;

state of war MIL Kriegszustand;

be in a state of war with sich im Kriegszustand befinden mit; → emergency A, equilibrium, health 2, repair¹ B 5, siege A 1

5. a) auch state of mind, emotional state (Geistes-, Gemüts)Zustand m, (-)Verfassung f

b) umg Erregung f:

in (quite) a state ganz aus dem Häuschen ( over wegen)( → A 4);

get into a state wahnsinnig nervös werden;

don’t get into a state nur keine Aufregung!

6. Stand m, Lage f:

state of the art neuester Stand der Wissenschaft oder Technik;

state of convergence EU: Konvergenzlage f, -stand m (bei Vereinheitlichung von Gesetzen mehrerer Staaten etc);

state of the economy wirtschaftliche Gesamtlage;

state of facts JUR Tatbestand m;

state of grace REL Stand der Gnade; → affair 2

7. (Personen-, Familien)Stand m; → married A 1

8. PHIL Sein n, Dasein n:

the future state das zukünftige Leben;

state of being Seinsweise f

9. MED, ZOOL etc Stadium n

10. (gesellschaftliche) Stellung, Stand m:

in a style befitting one’s state standesgemäß

11. Pracht f, Staat m:

in state mit großem Zeremoniell oder Pomp;

lie in state aufgebahrt sein;

live in state großen Aufwand treiben

12. pl POL, HIST (Land)Stände pl

13. POL gesetzgebende Körperschaft auf Jersey und Guernsey

14. a) Erhaltungszustand m (eines Buches etc)

b) Teilausgabe f

15. Kupferstecherei: (Zustands-, Ab)Druck m:

a first state ein Erstdruck

16. MIL Stärkemeldung f

B adj

1. staatlich, Staats…:

state aid staatliche Unterstützung oder Beihilfe;

state-aided staatlich unterstützt;

state apparatus Staatsapparat m;

state attorney US Staatsanwalt m, -anwältin f;

state bank WIRTSCH US unter der Aufsicht eines Bundesstaates stehende Bank;

state banquet Staatsbankett n;

state bond WIRTSCH Staatspapier n, -anleihe f;

state capitalism Staatskapitalismus m;

state-controlled unter staatlicher Aufsicht;

state court US einzelstaatliches Gericht;

State Department POL US State Department n, Außenministerium n;

state funeral Staatsbegräbnis n;

state mourning Staatstrauer f;

state prayers (anglikanische Kirche) Gebete für das Königshaus, die Geistlichkeit und das Parlament;

state-owned staatseigen, staatlich, Staats…;

be state-owned in Staatsbesitz sein;

state prison US Strafanstalt eines Bundesstaates für längere Freiheitsstrafen;

state property Staatseigentum n;

state religion Staatsreligion f;

state secret Staatsgeheimnis n;

state-subsidized staatlich subventioniert;

state visit Staatsbesuch m

2. Staats…, Prunk…:

state apartment Prunkgemach n, -zimmer n;

state bed Parade-, Prunkbett n;

state carriage Staatskarosse f;

state occasion besonderer oder feierlicher Anlass;

state robe Amtsrobe f

C v/t

1. festsetzen, -legen: → stated 1

2. erklären:

a) seine Ansichten etc darlegen

b) JUR einen Grund, eine Klage etc vorbringen: → case¹ A 6

3. Tatsachen etc anführen:

state in one’s defence that … zu seiner Verteidigung anführen, dass …;

state the reason why … erklären oder den Grund angeben, weshalb …

4. erwähnen, bemerken

5. feststellen, konstatieren

6. ein Problem etc stellen

7. MATH (mathematisch) ausdrücken

* * *
1. noun
1) (condition) Zustand, der

state of the economy — Wirtschaftslage, die

the state of play — (Sport) der Spielstand

the state of play in the negotiations/debate — (fig.) der [gegenwärtige] Stand der Verhandlungen/Debatte

the state of things in general — die allgemeine Lage

the state of the nation — die Lage der Nation

a state of war exists — es herrscht Kriegszustand

be in a state of excitement/sadness/anxiety — aufgeregt/traurig/ängstlich sein

2) (mess)

what a state you're in! — wie siehst du denn aus!

3) (anxiety)

be in a state — (be in a panic) aufgeregt sein; (be excited) ganz aus dem Häuschen sein (ugs.)

get into a state — (coll.) Zustände kriegen (ugs.)

don't get into a state! — reg dich nicht auf! (ugs.)

4) (nation) Staat, der

[affairs] of State — Staats[geschäfte]

5) (federal state) (of Germany, Austria) Land, das; (of America) Staat, der

the [United] States — sing. die [Vereinigten] Staaten

6)

State — (civil government) Staat, der

7) (pomp) Prunk, der

in state — in vollem Staat

lie in state — aufgebahrt sein
2. attributive adjective
1) (of nation or federal state) staatlich; Staats[bank, -sicherheit, -geheimnis, -dienst]

state education — staatliches Erziehungswesen

2) (ceremonial) Staats-
3. transitive verb
1) (express) erklären; (fully or clearly) darlegen; äußern [Meinung]; angeben [Alter usw.]

‘please state full particulars’ — "bitte genaue Angaben machen"

2) (specify) festlegen

at stated intervals — in genau festgelegten Abständen

* * *

n.

Rang ¨-e m.

Staat -en m.

Stand ¨-e m.

Status -se m.

Zustand -¨e m. v.

darlegen v.

erklären v.

festlegen v.

festsetzen v.

konstatieren v.

English-german dictionary > state
4 miembro

f. & m.

1 member, supporter, fellow member.

2 limb, member, extremity, extremitas.

3 associate.

m.

1 member (integrante).

miembro fundador founder member

miembro de pleno derecho full member

2 limb, member.

miembros superiores/inferiores upper/lower limbs

miembro (viril) penis

* * *

miembro

► nombre masculino

1 (extremidad) limb

2 (viril) member

3 (socio) member

4 MATEMÁTICAS member

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estado miembro member state

miembro viril male member, penis

* * *

noun m.

1) member

2) limb

* * *

1. SM

1) (Anat) limb, member

miembro viril — male member, penis

2) (Ling, Mat) member

2.

SMF [de club] member; [de institución, academia] fellow, associate

no miembro — non-member

hacerse miembro de — to become a member of, join

3.

ADJ member antes de s

los países miembros — the member states

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (de organización, asociación) member

b) (como adj) <estado/países> member (before n)

c) (Mat) member

2) (Anat) limb

miembros anteriores/posteriores — fore/back limbs

•

- miembro viril

* * *

= fellow, member, subscriber, insider.

Ex. He was also Council on Library Resources fellow, and he's published several articles, the most recent with Whitney Coe.

Ex. Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.

Ex. Access is available from any suitable terminal to BLAISE subscribers.

Ex. All libraries, particularly those with rare book or manuscript collections, should take steps to minimise insider thefts.

----

* asociación miembro = associate member.

* biblioteca miembro de una cooperativa = member library.

* entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.

* estado miembro = member government, member state.

* familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.

* institución compuesta de miembros = membership organisation.

* institución miembro de una asociación = partner institution.

* miembro asociado = affiliated member, associateship.

* miembro correspondiente = corresponding member.

* miembro de honor = honorary member.

* miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.

* miembro de la familia = family member.

* miembro delantero = forelimb.

* miembro de la plantilla = staffer.

* miembro de la resistencia = resister.

* miembro de la tripulación = crew member.

* miembro del Congreso = congressman [congresswoman, -fem.], congresswoman [congressman, -masc.].

* miembro del consejo de administración = trustee.

* miembro del cuerpo = limb.

* miembro del panel = panellist [panelist, -USA].

* miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.

* miembro destacado = leading member.

* miembro de una comisión = commissioner.

* miembro de una cuadrilla = crew member.

* miembro de una milicia = militiaman [militiamen, -pl.].

* miembro de un comité = committeeman [committeemen, -pl.].

* miembro de un sindicato = unionist, trade unionist.

* miembro electo = elected member.

* miembro fundador = founder member, founding member.

* miembro honorario = honorary member.

* miembro institucional = institutional member, member institution.

* miembro invitado = co-opted member.

* miembro nato = ex officio.

* miembro personal = personal member.

* miembros = membership.

* miembros inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.

* miembros superiores = upper extremities, upper limbs.

* miembro tipo A = A-member.

* miembro tipo B = B-member.

* miembro tipo C = C-member.

* no miembro = non-member [nonmember].

* nuevo miembro = entrant.

* organización miembro de una asociación = partner organisation.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* país miembro = member country.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.

* todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (de organización, asociación) member

b) (como adj) <estado/países> member (before n)

c) (Mat) member

2) (Anat) limb

miembros anteriores/posteriores — fore/back limbs

•

- miembro viril

* * *

= fellow, member, subscriber, insider.

Ex: He was also Council on Library Resources fellow, and he's published several articles, the most recent with Whitney Coe.

Ex: Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.

Ex: Access is available from any suitable terminal to BLAISE subscribers.

Ex: All libraries, particularly those with rare book or manuscript collections, should take steps to minimise insider thefts.

* asociación miembro = associate member.

* biblioteca miembro de una cooperativa = member library.

* entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.

* estado miembro = member government, member state.

* familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.

* institución compuesta de miembros = membership organisation.

* institución miembro de una asociación = partner institution.

* miembro asociado = affiliated member, associateship.

* miembro correspondiente = corresponding member.

* miembro de honor = honorary member.

* miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.

* miembro de la familia = family member.

* miembro delantero = forelimb.

* miembro de la plantilla = staffer.

* miembro de la resistencia = resister.

* miembro de la tripulación = crew member.

* miembro del Congreso = congressman [congresswoman, -fem.], congresswoman [congressman, -masc.].

* miembro del consejo de administración = trustee.

* miembro del cuerpo = limb.

* miembro del panel = panellist [panelist, -USA].

* miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.

* miembro destacado = leading member.

* miembro de una comisión = commissioner.

* miembro de una cuadrilla = crew member.

* miembro de una milicia = militiaman [militiamen, -pl.].

* miembro de un comité = committeeman [committeemen, -pl.].

* miembro de un sindicato = unionist, trade unionist.

* miembro electo = elected member.

* miembro fundador = founder member, founding member.

* miembro honorario = honorary member.

* miembro institucional = institutional member, member institution.

* miembro invitado = co-opted member.

* miembro nato = ex officio.

* miembro personal = personal member.

* miembros = membership.

* miembros inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.

* miembros superiores = upper extremities, upper limbs.

* miembro tipo A = A-member.

* miembro tipo B = B-member.

* miembro tipo C = C-member.

* no miembro = non-member [nonmember].

* nuevo miembro = entrant.

* organización miembro de una asociación = partner organisation.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* país miembro = member country.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.

* todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.

* * *

miembro

masculine and feminine

A

1 (de una organización, asociación) member

dos de los miembros de la expedición two members of the expedition

2 ( como adj) ‹estado/países› member ( before n)

3 ( Mat) member

Compuestos:

● miembro de número

full member

● miembro de pleno derecho

full member

B

miembro masculine

( Anat) limb

miembros anteriores/posteriores fore/back limbs

Compuesto:

miembro viril

( euf); male member ( euph)

* * *

miembro sustantivo masculino
1
a) (de organización, asociación) member

b) ( como adj) ‹estado/países› member ( before n)

2 (Anat) limb;
◊ miembros anteriores/posteriores fore/back limbs

miembro sustantivo masculino
1 (parte integrante) member
los miembros de mi familia, the members of my family
2 Anat limb
(pene) penis
' miembro' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alargar
- cafre
- decana
- decano
- ecologista
- empresaria
- empresario
- II
- militar
- paralizarse
- plena
- pleno
- readmitir
- realeza
- turgente
- adormecimiento
- anquilosarse
- apéndice
- director
- muñón
- rigidez
- seleccionador
- socio
- vitalicio
English:
artificial
- congressman
- congresswoman
- contra
- fellow
- foot
- juror
- limb
- member
- membership
- on
- pleb
- Satanist
- serve
- sever
- stump
- trustee
- commissioner
- congress
- disqualify
- elder
- governor
- marshal
- Member
- tribe

* * *

miembro nm

1. [integrante] member;

los países miembros de la OTAN NATO's member states

Comp
miembro fundador founder member;
miembro de pleno derecho full member

2. [extremidad] limb, member

Comp
miembros inferiores lower limbs;
miembros superiores upper limbs

3. Euf [pene]
miembro (viril) male member

* * *

miembro

m

1 ( socio) member;

estado/país miembro member state/country

2 ( extremidad) limb, member fml ;

miembros pl ANAT limbs

* * *

miembro nm

1) : member

2) extremidad: limb, extremity

* * *

miembro n

1. (persona) member

los miembros del jurado the members of the jury

2. (extremidad del cuerpo) limb

Spanish-English dictionary > miembro
5 comunidad

f.

1 community (grupo).

comunidad de propietarios o de vecinos residents' association

la comunidad científica/internacional the scientific/international community

comunidad Andina Andean Community

comunidad autónoma (politics) autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers

comunidad Europea (Antes) European Community

2 communion (cualidad de común) (de ideas, bienes).

comunidad de bienes co-ownership (between spouses)

* * *

comunidad

► nombre femenino

1 community

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

en comunidad together

comunidad autónoma autonomous region

comunidad de bienes DERECHO co-ownership

comunidad de propietarios owners' association

Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community

* * *

noun f.

community

* * *

SF

1) [gen] community; (=sociedad) society, association; (Rel) community; And commune ( of free Indians)

de o en comunidad — (Jur) jointly

comunidad autónoma — Esp autonomous region

Comunidad Británica de Naciones — British Commonwealth

Comunidad de Estados Independientes — Commonwealth of Independent States

comunidad de vecinos — residents' association

Comunidad (Económica) Europea — European (Economic) Community

Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero — European Coal and Steel Community

comunidad lingüística — speech community

2) (=pago) [de piso] service charge, charge for communal services
COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA In Spain the comunidades autónomas are any of the 19 administrative regions consisting of one or more provinces and having political powers devolved from Madrid, as stipulated by the 1978 Constitution. They have their own democratically elected parliaments, form their own cabinets and legislate and execute policies in certain areas such as housing, infrastructure, health and education, though Madrid still retains jurisdiction for all matters affecting the country as a whole, such as defence, foreign affairs and justice. The Comunidades Autónomas are: Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Islas Baleares, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, País Vasco, La Rioja, Comunidad Valenciana, Ceuta and Melilla. The term Comunidades Históricas refers to Galicia, Catalonia and the Basque Country, which for reasons of history and language consider themselves to some extent separate from the rest of Spain. They were given a measure of independence by the Second Republic (1931-1936), only to have it revoked by Franco in 1939. With the transition to democracy, these groups were the most vociferous and successful in their demand for home rule, partly because they already had experience of federalism and had established a precedent with autonomous institutions like the Catalan Generalitat.
* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( sociedad) community

para el bien de la comunidad — for the good of the community

b) ( grupo delimitado) community

la comunidad polaca — the Polish community

vivir en comunidad — to live with other people

c) (Relig) community

d) ( asociación) association

- Comunidad Británica de Naciones

- Comunidad Económica Europea

- Comunidad Europea

2) ( coincidencia) community

comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives
•• Cultural note:
comunidad autónoma

In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla

* * *

= community.

Ex. Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.

----

* asociación de la comunidad = community group.

* biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.

* bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.

* Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).

* comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.

* comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.

* comunidad agrícola = farming community.

* comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.

* comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.

* comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.

* comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.

* Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.

* comunidad científica = knowledge community.

* comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.

* comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.

* comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.

* comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.

* comunidad de lectores = reader community.

* comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.

* comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.

* comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.

* comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.

* comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.

* comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.

* comunidad de vecinos = housing association.

* comunidad dispersa = scattered community.

* Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).

* comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.

* comunidad electrónica = online community.

* comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.

* Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).

* Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).

* Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

* comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.

* comunidad laboral = working community.

* comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.

* comunidad local = local community.

* comunidad marginada = deprived community.

* comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.

* comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.

* comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.

* comunidad religiosa = religious community.

* comunidad rural = rural community.

* comunidad urbana = urban community.

* de la propia comunidad = community-owned.

* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).

* derecho de la comunidad = community right.

* dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.

* implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.

* la comunidad en general = the community at large.

* líder de la comunidad = community leader.

* miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.

* no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.

* representante de la comunidad = community activist.

* residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.

* toda la comunidad = the community at large.

* vida de la comunidad = community life.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( sociedad) community

para el bien de la comunidad — for the good of the community

b) ( grupo delimitado) community

la comunidad polaca — the Polish community

vivir en comunidad — to live with other people

c) (Relig) community

d) ( asociación) association

- Comunidad Británica de Naciones

- Comunidad Económica Europea

- Comunidad Europea

2) ( coincidencia) community

comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives
•• Cultural note:
comunidad autónoma

In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla

* * *

= community.

Ex: Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.

* asociación de la comunidad = community group.

* biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.

* bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.

* Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).

* comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.

* comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.

* comunidad agrícola = farming community.

* comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.

* comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.

* comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.

* comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.

* Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.

* comunidad científica = knowledge community.

* comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.

* comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.

* comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.

* comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.

* comunidad de lectores = reader community.

* comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.

* comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.

* comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.

* comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.

* comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.

* comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.

* comunidad de vecinos = housing association.

* comunidad dispersa = scattered community.

* Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).

* comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.

* comunidad electrónica = online community.

* comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.

* Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).

* Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).

* Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

* comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.

* comunidad laboral = working community.

* comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.

* comunidad local = local community.

* comunidad marginada = deprived community.

* comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.

* comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.

* comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.

* comunidad religiosa = religious community.

* comunidad rural = rural community.

* comunidad urbana = urban community.

* de la propia comunidad = community-owned.

* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).

* derecho de la comunidad = community right.

* dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.

* implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.

* la comunidad en general = the community at large.

* líder de la comunidad = community leader.

* miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.

* no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.

* representante de la comunidad = community activist.

* residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.

* toda la comunidad = the community at large.

* vida de la comunidad = community life.

* * *

comunidad comunidad autónoma (↑ comunidad a1)

feminine

A

1 (sociedad) community

para el bien de la comunidad for the good of the community

2 (grupo delimitado) community

la comunidad polaca the Polish community

vivir en comunidad to live with other people

3 ( Relig) community

4 (asociación) association

Compuestos:

● Comunidad Británica de Naciones

(British) Commonwealth

● Comunidad Económica Europea

( Hist) European Economic Community

● Comunidad Europea

( Hist) European Community

● Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero

European Coal and Steel Community

B (coincidencia) community

no existe comunidad de ideales/objetivos entre ambos grupos there is no community of ideals/objectives between the two groups, the two groups do not share common ideals/objectives

C Comunidades fpl ( Hist):

la sublevación de las Comunidades the Revolt of the Comuneros

* * *

comunidad sustantivo femenino
community;
◊ Ccomunidad (Económica) Europea European (Economic) Community

comunidad sustantivo femenino community
comunidad autónoma, autonomous region
comunidad de bienes, co-ownership
Comunidad Europea, European Community

' comunidad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bien
- CE
- CECA
- CEE
- consejería
- depender
- EURATOM
- homologación
- primar
- pueblo
- reintegrar
- autonomía
English:
Commonwealth of Independent States
- community
- fraternity
- homeowners assocation
- integrate
- scattered
- service charge
- European
- general
- pillar
- service

* * *

comunidad nf

1. [grupo] community;

la comunidad científica/educativa/judía the scientific/education/Jewish community;

vivir en comunidad to live in a community

Comp
Comunidad Andina Andean Community, = organization for regional cooperation formed by Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela;
comunidad autónoma autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers;

comunidad de base [religiosa] base community, = lay Catholic community independent of church hierarchy;

Comunidad Británica de Naciones (British) Commonwealth;
Antes Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community;
la Comunidad Europea, las Comunidades Europeas the European Community;

la comunidad internacional the international community;

comunidad linguística speech community;

comunidad de propietarios residents' association;

comunidad de vecinos residents' association

2. [de ideas, bienes] communion

Comp
comunidad de bienes co-ownership [between spouses]
3. Am [colectividad] commune;

vive en una comunidad anarquista she lives in an anarchist commune

COMUNIDAD ANDINA

The Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN – Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) has its origins in the 1969 “Acuerdo de Cartagena”. Over subsequent decades the various institutions which now form the CAN were set up: the Council of Foreign Ministers in 1979, the Court of Justice in 1983, the Presidential Council in 1990, and the General Secretariat in 1997. The ultimate aim has been to create a Latin American common market. A free trade area was established in 1993, and a common external customs tariff in 1994. While all members have adopted a common foreign policy, more ambitious attempts at integration have been less successful. However, with a combined population of 122 million, and a GDP in 2004 of 300 billion dollars, the community is a significant economic group. In 2004, the leaders of the countries of South America decided to create the “Comunidad Sudamericana de Naciones” (“South American Community of Nations”) or CSN by a gradual convergence between the CAN and Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay), plus Chile, Guyana and Surinam. This will create, in time, a vast free-trade area encompassing all of South America.

* * *

comunidad

f community;

comunidad sucesoria o

hereditaria heirs pl

* * *

comunidad nf

: community

* * *

comunidad n community [pl. communities]

comunidad autónoma autonomous region

Comunidad Europea European Community

Spanish-English dictionary > comunidad
6 país

m.

country, nation, region.

* * *

país

► nombre masculino

1 country

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

del país local

* * *

noun m.

1) country

2) region

* * *

SM

1) (=nación) country

los países miembros o participantes — the member countries

país de las maravillas — wonderland

país de nunca jamás — never-never land

país deudor — debtor nation

país en desarrollo, país en vías de desarrollo — developing nation

país natal — native land

país satélite — satellite country o state

2) (=tierra) land, region

vino del país — local wine

3) (Arte) (=paisaje) landscape

* * *

masculino

a) ( unidad política) country

los países miembros — the member countries

b) ( ciudadanos) nation

c) ( en ficción) land

en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

el país de las maravillas — wonderland

ciego II

- País de Gales

- país de origen

- Países Bajos

- país natal

- país satélite

- País Vasco

* * *

= country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].

Ex. It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.

Ex. Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.

Ex. Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.

----

* afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.

* Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.

* a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].

* código del país = country code.

* compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* corazón de un país = heartland.

* de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.

* de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.

* de un país desarrollado = first world.

* división de país = country division.

* emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.

* en nuestro país = at home.

* en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.

* entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.

* entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* Liga de los Países †rabes = League of Arab States.

* nacido en el país = native-born.

* natural del país = native-born.

* OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].

* país anfitrión = host country.

* país capitalista = capitalist country.

* país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.

* país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.

* país de adopción = adopted country.

* país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.

* País de Gales = Wales.

* país de las maravillas = wonderland.

* país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.

* país del tercer mundo = third world country.

* país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.

* país de procedencia = country of origin.

* país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.

* país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.

* países ACP = ACP countries.

* países árabes = Arab countries.

* Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.

* países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.

* países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.

* países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.

* países industrializados = industrially developed countries.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.

* país exportador = exporting country.

* país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.

* país extraño = foreign country.

* país firmante = signatory country.

* país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.

* país miembro = member country.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* país multicultural = rainbow nation.

* país natal = back home.

* país productor de información científica = science producer.

* país socialista = socialist country.

* país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país subtropical = subtropical country.

* país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país tropical = tropical country.

* reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.

* transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).

* vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.

* visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.

* * *

masculino

a) ( unidad política) country

los países miembros — the member countries

b) ( ciudadanos) nation

c) ( en ficción) land

en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

el país de las maravillas — wonderland

ciego II

- País de Gales

- país de origen

- Países Bajos

- país natal

- país satélite

- País Vasco

* * *

= country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].

Ex: It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.

Ex: Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.

Ex: Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.

* afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.

* Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.

* a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].

* código del país = country code.

* compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* corazón de un país = heartland.

* de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.

* de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.

* de un país desarrollado = first world.

* división de país = country division.

* emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.

* en nuestro país = at home.

* en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.

* entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.

* entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* Liga de los Países rabes = League of Arab States.

* nacido en el país = native-born.

* natural del país = native-born.

* OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].

* país anfitrión = host country.

* país capitalista = capitalist country.

* país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.

* país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.

* país de adopción = adopted country.

* país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.

* País de Gales = Wales.

* país de las maravillas = wonderland.

* país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.

* país del tercer mundo = third world country.

* país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.

* país de procedencia = country of origin.

* país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.

* país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.

* países ACP = ACP countries.

* países árabes = Arab countries.

* Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.

* países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.

* países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.

* países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.

* países industrializados = industrially developed countries.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.

* país exportador = exporting country.

* país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.

* país extraño = foreign country.

* país firmante = signatory country.

* país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.

* país miembro = member country.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* país multicultural = rainbow nation.

* país natal = back home.

* país productor de información científica = science producer.

* país socialista = socialist country.

* país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país subtropical = subtropical country.

* país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país tropical = tropical country.

* reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.

* transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).

* vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.

* visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.

* * *

país

masculine

El País (↑ país a1)

A

1 (unidad política) country

los países miembros the member countries

2 (ciudadanos) nation

se dirigió al país he addressed the nation

el apoyo de todo el país the support of the whole nation o country

3 (en ficción) land

el país de los sueños the land of Nod

el país de las maravillas wonderland

en un país lejano in a distant o faraway land

ciego² (↑ ciego (2))

Compuestos:

● país comerciante

trading nation

● país de origen

(de una persona) home country, native land; (de un producto) country of origin

● países candidatos

(UE) candidate countries

● Países de Europa Central y Oriental

(UE) Central and Eastern European Countries

● país satélite

satellite, satellite nation

B (de un abanico) covering

* * *

país sustantivo masculino
a) ( unidad política) country;

◊ país de origen ( de persona) home country, native land;

( de producto) country of origin;
◊ los Ppaíses Bajos the Netherlands;

el Ppaís de Gales Wales;
el Ppaís Vasco the Basque Country
b) ( ciudadanos) nation

c) ( en ficción) land

país sustantivo masculino country, land: recorrió países lejanos, he travelled around distant lands
los países tropicales, the tropical countries
País Valenciano, Valencia
País Vasco, Basque Country
Países Bajos, Netherlands pl
' país' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantada
- adelantado
- añorar
- atrasada
- atrasado
- atraso
- ciudad
- Congo
- contarse
- damnificada
- damnificado
- desarraigar
- desarrollada
- desarrollado
- descomposición
- desmembrar
- dominar
- dominación
- economía
- económica
- económico
- ETA
- exilio
- fantasma
- feudo
- Gales
- hambre
- militarista
- moneda
- natal
- percance
- productor
- productora
- promover
- punta
- puntera
- puntero
- refugio
- regir
- representar
- sacudir
- salir
- satélite
- suelo
- tierra
- tiniebla
- Túnez
- vasca
- vasco
- abatir
English:
acclaim
- acknowledge
- acute
- administer
- administration
- affair
- alien
- America
- authority
- backward
- Basque Country
- betray
- brain
- chapter
- characteristic
- conception
- country
- cripple
- defect
- develop
- developing
- distant
- district
- drain
- earthquake
- election
- embargo
- envisage
- envision
- equality
- expatriate
- flag
- foreign
- free
- governor
- home
- homegrown
- institute
- land
- mainland
- map
- mess
- miss
- nationwide
- norm
- open up
- overcrowded
- overrun
- point
- Postmaster General

* * *

país (pl países) nm

1. [nación] country;

el país votó “no” en el referéndum the country o nation voted “no” in the referendum;

Prov

en el país de los ciegos, el tuerto es rey in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

Comp
los países no alineados the nonaligned countries;
los Países Bajos the Netherlands;

los países bálticos the Baltic States;

países desarrollados developed countries;

el País de Gales Wales;

país natal native country, homeland;

país neutral neutral country;

país de origen country of origin;

país de reciente industrialización newly industrialized country;

país satélite satellite state;

países subdesarrollados underdeveloped countries;

el País Valenciano the autonomous region of Valencia;

el País Vasco the Basque Country;

países en vías de desarrollo developing countries

2. [tierra] land;

en un país muy lejano… in a distant o far-off land…;

en el país de las maravillas in wonderland;

el país de nunca-jamás never-never land

* * *

país

m country;

país en vías de desarrollo developing country;

país productor producer country;

país comunitario EU country;

los Países Bajos the Netherlands

* * *

país nm

1) nación: country, nation

2) región: region, territory

* * *

país n country [pl. countries]

Spanish-English dictionary > país
7 país miembro de la Comunidad

(n.) = Community member state

Ex. Many enquiries from the business sector concern matters which actually fragment, rather than unite, the Community member states on the subject of trade.

* * *

(n.) = Community member state

Ex: Many enquiries from the business sector concern matters which actually fragment, rather than unite, the Community member states on the subject of trade.

Spanish-English dictionary > país miembro de la Comunidad
8 законы Сообщества
1. Community law
законы Сообщества
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

Community law
The law of European Community (as opposed to the national laws of the member states.) It consists of the treaties establishing the EC (together with subsequent amending treaties) community legislation, and decisions of the court of justice of the European Communities. Any provision of the treaties or of community legislation that is directly applicable or directly effective in a member state forms part of the law of that state and prevails over its national law in the event of any inconsistency between the two. (Source: DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- Community law
DE
- Gemeinschaftsrecht
FR
- droit communautaire
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > законы Сообщества
9 машинное оборудование
1. machinery
машинное оборудование
термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
- сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
- группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
- взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
[Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

EN

machinery
‘machinery’ means:
— an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
— an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
— interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

— machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

- машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

— machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

- медицинские приборы;

— special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

- специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

— steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

- паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

— machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

- машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

— radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

- радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

— firearms,

- стрелковое оружие;

— storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

- емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

— means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

- транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

— seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

- морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

— cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

- канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

— agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

(1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

-сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

(1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

— machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

- машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

— lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
(i) persons;
(ii) persons and goods;
(iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

- лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
(i) людей;
(ii) людей и имущества;
(iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

— means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

- транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

— mine winding gear,

- шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

— theatre elevators,

- театральные подъемники;

— construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

- строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

(2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

(2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

Article 2
1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

Статья 2
1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

Article 3
Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

Статья 3
Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

Article 4
1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

Статья 4
1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
требованиям настоящей Директивы.

2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

"Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

Article 5
1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
— machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
— safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

Статья 5
1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
- машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
- компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

Article 6
1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

Статья 6
1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

Article 7
1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
— machinery bearing the CE marking, or
— safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
(a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
(b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
(c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

Статья 7
1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
- машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
- компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

3. Where:
— machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
— a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

3. Если:
- машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
- компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

CHAPTER II
CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
Article 8
1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

Глава II
Процедуры оценки соответствия
Статья 8
1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
(a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
(b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
(c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
— either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
— submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
— or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
(a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
(b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
(c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
- либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
- представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
- либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
(b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
(b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

Article 9
1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

Статья 9
1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

CHAPTER III
CE MARKING
Article 10
1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

ГЛАВА III
МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
Статья 10
1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
(a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

(b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
(a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

(b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

CHAPTER IV
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 11
Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

ГЛАВА IV
ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
Статья 11
Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

Article 12
The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

Статья 12
Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

Article 13
1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

Статья 13
1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

Тематики
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
EN
- machinery
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование
10 machinery
1. организационный аппарат
2. оборудование
3. механизм
4. машины и оборудование
5. машины
6. машинное оборудование
машинное оборудование
термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
- сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
- группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
- взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
[Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

EN

machinery
‘machinery’ means:
— an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
— an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
— interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

— machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

- машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

— machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

- медицинские приборы;

— special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

- специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

— steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

- паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

— machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

- машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

— radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

- радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

— firearms,

- стрелковое оружие;

— storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

- емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

— means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

- транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

— seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

- морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

— cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

- канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

— agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

(1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

-сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

(1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

— machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

- машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

— lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
(i) persons;
(ii) persons and goods;
(iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

- лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
(i) людей;
(ii) людей и имущества;
(iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

— means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

- транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

— mine winding gear,

- шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

— theatre elevators,

- театральные подъемники;

— construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

- строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

(2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

(2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

Article 2
1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

Статья 2
1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

Article 3
Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

Статья 3
Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

Article 4
1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

Статья 4
1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
требованиям настоящей Директивы.

2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

"Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

Article 5
1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
— machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
— safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

Статья 5
1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
- машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
- компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

Article 6
1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

Статья 6
1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

Article 7
1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
— machinery bearing the CE marking, or
— safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
(a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
(b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
(c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

Статья 7
1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
- машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
- компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

3. Where:
— machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
— a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

3. Если:
- машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
- компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

CHAPTER II
CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
Article 8
1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

Глава II
Процедуры оценки соответствия
Статья 8
1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
(a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
(b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
(c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
— either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
— submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
— or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
(a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
(b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
(c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
- либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
- представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
- либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
(b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
(b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

Article 9
1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

Статья 9
1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

CHAPTER III
CE MARKING
Article 10
1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

ГЛАВА III
МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
Статья 10
1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
(a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

(b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
(a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

(b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

CHAPTER IV
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 11
Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

ГЛАВА IV
ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
Статья 11
Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

Article 12
The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

Статья 12
Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

Article 13
1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

Статья 13
1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

Тематики
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
EN
- machinery
машины
оборудование
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

машины
Машина представляет собой аппарат, использующий или применяющий механическую энергию, состоящий из нескольких частей — каждая со своими определенными функциями, которые вместе выполняют некоторые виды работ. Для целей анализа это понятие включает отдельные машины или наборы машин. См. Машины и оборудование (МСО)
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- экономика
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- оборудование
EN
- machinery
машины и оборудование
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

машины и оборудование
МСО
Часть основных фондов компании (предприятия), которая включает устройства, преобразующие энергию, материалы и информацию. В аналитической и оценочной практике в общее понятие М. и о. включаются отдельно оцениваемые установки, машины, оборудование и транспортные средства, подразделяемые на виды, а каждый вид – на марки (последним термином для краткости можно обозначать разные модели и модификации машины). Разные марки машин одного вида используются для одних и тех же целей: они способны производить одну и ту же продукцию, выполнять одни и те же работы или оказывать одни и те же услуги ( в противном случае их надо относить в другому виду машин), а следовательно, «взаимозаменяемы» и являются товарами, конкурирующими между собой на рынке Рынок машин каждого вида делится на первичный (новые М..) и вторичный (бывшие в эксплуатации), для которых применяются разные оценочные приемы и инструменты.. М.и о. являются главным объектом инвестирования при разработке и реализации инвестиционного проекта, и, соответственно, одним из основных элементов оценки инвестиционных проектов. Важно, что в отличие от ценных бумаг, акций, М.и о. являются объектами реальных инвестиций, а не финансовых инвестиций.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

EN

machinery
A group of parts or machines arranged to perform a useful function. (Source: MGH)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
- экономика
Синонимы
- МСО
EN
- machinery
- machinery and equipment
DE
- Maschine
FR
- machine
механизм
Совокупность подвижно соединённых звеньев, совершающих под действием приложенных сил заранее определённые целесообразные движения
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

машины, механизмы
Совокупность связанных между собой частей и устройств, как минимум одно из которых движется, имеет соответствующий привод, органы управления и энергетические узлы, соединенные вместе для определенного применения, например для обработки, переработки, производства, транспортирования или упаковки материалов.
Термины «машина» и «механизм» также распространяются на совокупность машин, которые размещаются и управляются таким образом, чтобы функционировать как единое целое.
Примечание
В приложении А приведено общее схематическое изображение машины.
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 12100-1:2007]

EN
- machinery
- mechanism
DE
- Mechanismus
FR
- mécanisme
оборудование
Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]
оборудование
-
[IEV number 151-11-25 ]

оборудование
Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

EN

equipment
single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
[IEV number 151-11-25 ]

equipment
material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

FR

équipement, m
matériel, m
appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
[IEV number 151-11-25]

Тематики
- электробезопасность
EN
DE
FR
- machine
- matériel, m
- équipement, m
организационный аппарат
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- machinery
3.26 машины (machinery): Устройство, состоящее из соединенных между собой частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, один из которых движется, с соответствующими исполнительными механизмами, силовыми цепями и цепями управления и т.д., объединенных вместе в целях конкретного применения, в частности, для обработки, переработки, перемещения или упаковки материала (материал означает эквивалент вещества или изделия).

Термин «машины» одновременно означает совокупность машин и механизмов, которые для достижения одной и той же цели установлены и управляются таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ЕН 1127-2-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Взрывозащита и предотвращение взрыва. Часть 2. Основополагающая концепция и методология (для подземных выработок)
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > machinery
11 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
12 comunitario

adj.

communal, common.

* * *

comunitario

► adjetivo

1 (gen) of the community, relating to the community

■ centro comunitario community centre (US center)

2 (de la Unión Europea) Community, of the EC, relating to the EC

■ España es un país comunitario Spain is a member of the EC, Spain is an EC country

* * *

(f. - comunitaria)

adj.

communal

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [centro, servicios, cooperación] community antes de s ; [jardín, pasillos] communal

2) (=de la comunidad europea) Community antes de s

2.

SM (=país) EC member state

* * *

- ria adjetivo

a) < bienes> communal; < espíritu> community (before n)

trabajos comunitarios — community work

b) ( de la CE) EC (before n), Community (before n)

* * *

= community, Community-wide, communal.

Ex. Unfortunately, goods of community origin can also be held up by the surveillance system, often for several weeks.

Ex. Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.

Ex. Excavation in Qumran suggests that the people were organised on a highly communal basis and adept in the art of pottery and bookmaking.

----

* antena comunitaria de televisión = Communal Aerial TV (CATV).

* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.

* directriz comunitaria = Community directive.

* medicina comunitaria = community medicine.

* Política Agrícola Comunitaria (CAP) = Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

* servicio comunitario = community service.

* * *

- ria adjetivo

a) < bienes> communal; < espíritu> community (before n)

trabajos comunitarios — community work

b) ( de la CE) EC (before n), Community (before n)

* * *

= community, Community-wide, communal.

Ex: Unfortunately, goods of community origin can also be held up by the surveillance system, often for several weeks.

Ex: Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.

Ex: Excavation in Qumran suggests that the people were organised on a highly communal basis and adept in the art of pottery and bookmaking.

* antena comunitaria de televisión = Communal Aerial TV (CATV).

* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.

* directriz comunitaria = Community directive.

* medicina comunitaria = community medicine.

* Política Agrícola Comunitaria (CAP) = Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

* servicio comunitario = community service.

* * *

comunitario - ria

adjective

1 ‹bienes› communal

trabajos comunitarios community work

tener espíritu comunitario to have community spirit

2 (de la UE) ‹presupuestos/normas› UE ( before n), Community ( before n)

los países comunitarios the EU countries

* * *

comunitario
◊ - ria adjetivo

a) ‹ bienes› communal;

‹espíritu/trabajo› community ( before n)
b) ( de la CE) EC ( before n), Community ( before n)

comunitario,-a adjetivo
1 of o relating to the community
un bien comunitario, a communal good
2 (de CE) of o relating to the EC
los países comunitarios, the members of the EC
la política comunitaria, the common policy
' comunitario' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
comunitaria
English:
communal
- community

* * *

comunitario, -a adj

1. [de la comunidad] community;

espíritu comunitario community spirit

2. UE Community, of the European Union;

política comunitaria EU o Community policy;

los países comunitarios the EU countries, the Community members

3. Antes [de la CEE] Community, EEC

* * *

comunitario

adj POL EU atr, Community atr

Spanish-English dictionary > comunitario
13 estado

m.

1 state.

estado de excepción o emergencia state of emergency

estado de salud (state of) health

estado de sitio state of siege

el estado de las carreteras road conditions

su estado es grave his condition is serious (enfermo)

estar en buen/mal estado to be in good/bad condition; (vehículo, terreno) to be fresh/off (alimento, bebida)

en estado de alerta on (the) alert

estar en estado (de esperanza o buena esperanza) to be expecting

quedarse en estado to become pregnant

estado anímico o de ánimo state of mind

estado de bienestar welfare state

estado civil marital status

en estado de coma in a coma

estado de cuentas statement of accounts

2 state (gobierno).

el estado the State

estado Mayor (military) general staff

3 state.

estado policial police state

estado satélite satellite (state)

Estados Unidos de América United States of America

4 status, standing.

5 condition, shape.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: estar.

* * *

estado

► nombre masculino

1 (situación) state, condition

■ su estado es delicado his condition is delicate

■ ahora les informamos del estado de las carreteras and now for some traffic news

2 (en orden social) status

3 HISTORIA estate

4 PLÍTICA state

■ varios jefes de estado asistieron al congreso various heads of state attended the congress

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar en buen estado to be in good condition

estar en estado to be pregnant

estar en estado de funcionamiento to be in working order

estar en mal estado to be in bad condition

estado civil marital status

estado de ánimo state of mind

estado de bienestar welfare state

estado de cuentas statement of accounts

estado de excepción state of emergency

estado de guerra state of war

estado de salud state of health

estado mayor MILITAR staff

estado noble noble estate

estado sólido solid state

* * *

noun m.

1) state

2) status

3) condition

* * *

SM

1) (=situación)

a) [de objeto, proceso] state

¿en qué estado se encuentran las relaciones entre los dos países? — what is the state of relations between the two countries?

• estar en buen estado — [instalación, alimentos] to be in good condition

el ordenador está en perfecto estado — the computer is working perfectly o is in perfect working order

• estar en mal estado — [instalación] to be in (a) poor condition, be in a bad state; [alimentos] to be off

el techo se encontraba en muy mal estado — the roof was in very poor condition o in a very bad state

tras comer carne en mal estado — after eating meat that was off o that had gone off

b) [de persona] condition

el estado general del paciente — the overall condition of the patient

estado civil — marital status

estado de alarma, estado de alerta — state of alert

estado de ánimo — [emocional] mood; [mental] state of mind

estado de atención — state of alert

estado de coma — coma, state of coma

estado de cosas — state of affairs

en este estado de cosas, lo mejor es convocar nuevas elecciones — given the state of affairs, the best thing to do is call another election

¿cuál es el estado de cosas ahora? — what's the state of play now?

estado de emergencia, estado de excepción — state of emergency

estado de gracia — [de creyente] state of grace; [de político, gobierno] honeymoon period; [de deportista] run of good form

estado de guerra — state of war

estado de la red — (Inform) volume of users

estado de salud — condition, state of health

estado de sitio — state of siege

2) (Fís) state

estado gaseoso — gaseous state

estado líquido — solid state

estado sólido — solid state

3)

• en estado (=embarazada) —

una mujer en estado — an expectant mother

estar en estado — to be expecting

quedarse en estado — to become pregnant

• estar en estado de buena esperanza — to be expecting

• en avanzado estado de gestación — heavily pregnant, in an advanced state of pregnancy

• estar en estado interesante — hum to be expecting, be in the family way *

4) (=nación) state

los intereses del estado — national o state interests

el Estado español — Spain

asuntos de estado — affairs of state, state affairs

• hombre de estado — statesman

estado asistencial, estado benefactor — welfare state

estado colchón — buffer state

estado de derecho — democracy

estado del bienestar, estado de previsión — welfare state

estado policial — police state

estado tapón — buffer state
golpe 10)
5) (=región) [en EE.UU., México, Brasil] state

6) ( Hist) (=clase) estate

• el estado eclesiástico — the clergy

• estado llano, tercer estado — third estate, commoners pl

7) (Mil)

el Estado Mayor (General) — the (General) Staff

8) (Com, Econ) (=informe) report

estado de contabilidad — Méx balance sheet

estado de cuenta — bank statement, statement of account frm

estado de cuentas — [de una empresa] statement of account

estado de pérdidas y ganancias — profit and loss statement

estado de reconciliación — reconciliation statement

estado financiero — financial statement

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (situación, condición) state

la casa está en buen estado — the house is in good condition

en avanzado estado de descomposición — (frml) in an advanced state of decomposition

en estado de embriaguez — (frml) under the influence of alcohol

tomar estado público — (RPl frml) to become public (knowledge)

b) (Med) condition

en avanzado estado de gestación — (frml) in an advanced state of pregnancy (frml)

no debería fumar en su estado — she shouldn't smoke in her condition

estar en estado — (euf) to be expecting (colloq)

estar en estado de buena esperanza — (euf or hum) to be expecting a happy event (euph)

quedarse en estado — (euf) to get pregnant

- estado civil

- estado de ánimo

- estado de cuenta

- estado de emergencia or excepción/de guerra/de sitio

- estado de gracia

- estado sólido

2) (nación, gobierno) state

la seguridad del Estado — national o state security

un asunto de estado — a state matter

el Estado — the State

•

- estado benefactor or de bienestar

- estado ciudad

- estado de derecho

- Estado Mayor

* * *

masculino

1)

a) (situación, condición) state

la casa está en buen estado — the house is in good condition

en avanzado estado de descomposición — (frml) in an advanced state of decomposition

en estado de embriaguez — (frml) under the influence of alcohol

tomar estado público — (RPl frml) to become public (knowledge)

b) (Med) condition

en avanzado estado de gestación — (frml) in an advanced state of pregnancy (frml)

no debería fumar en su estado — she shouldn't smoke in her condition

estar en estado — (euf) to be expecting (colloq)

estar en estado de buena esperanza — (euf or hum) to be expecting a happy event (euph)

quedarse en estado — (euf) to get pregnant

- estado civil

- estado de ánimo

- estado de cuenta

- estado de emergencia or excepción/de guerra/de sitio

- estado de gracia

- estado sólido

2) (nación, gobierno) state

la seguridad del Estado — national o state security

un asunto de estado — a state matter

el Estado — the State

•

- estado benefactor or de bienestar

- estado ciudad

- estado de derecho

- Estado Mayor

* * *

estado¹

¹ = state, commonwealth.

Ex: WLN (Western Library Network) is composed of libraries in the states of Washington and Alaska in the United states, and is expanding to cover other states and libraries in Canada.

Ex: The article is entitled 'Academic libraries: `towards commonwealth and coalitions'.

* abogado del estado, abogado de la corona = Queen's Counsel (QC).

* al norte del estado = upstate.

* capital del estado = nation-state capital, state capital.

* Capitolio del Estado = State Capitol.

* condición de estado = statehood.

* controlado por el estado = state-controlled.

* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la C = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).

* de varios estados = multi-state [multistate].

* empleado del estado = state employee.

* en el norte del estado = upstate.

* en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].

* estado árabe = Arab state.

* estado de derecho = rule of law.

* estado de hecho = rule of men.

* estado del bienestar = welfare state.

* estado isleño = island nation.

* estado laico = secular state.

* estado miembro = member government, member state.

* estado nacional = nation state, national state.

* estado niñera = nanny state.

* estado paternalista = nanny state.

* estados bálticos, los = Baltic States, the.

* estado soberano = sovereign state.

* Estados Unidos continental = continental United States, the.

* Estados Unidos de América, los (EE.UU., los) = USA, the (United States of America, the).

* Estados Unidos, los = US, US, the [U.S.], United States, the.

* financiado por el estado = state-supported, state-funded.

* golpe de estado = coup d'etat, putsch.

* Guerra entre España y los Estados Unidos, la = Spanish-American War, the.

* hombre de estado = statesman [statesmen, -pl.].

* intento de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.

* jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.

* jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.

* localizado en los Estados Unidos = US-based.

* nación sin estado = stateless nation.

* objeto de delito contra el estado = impeachable.

* papá estado = nanny state.

* poder del estado = state power.

* propiedad del estado = state property.

* región central de los Estados Unidos, la = American midwest, the.

* regulado por el estado = state-regulated.

* secretario de Estado = Secretary of State.

* Secretario de Estado, el = State Secretary, the.

* secreto de estado = state secret.

* supervisado por el estado = state-regulated.

* tentativa de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.

* visita de estado = state visit.

* zona de los tres estados = tristate area.

estado²

² = stage, state, status, condition.

Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.

Ex: AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.

Ex: He was laid upon the bed and upon examination his head was found in a terrible condition, swelled and bruised from the effect of sandbag blows.

* alternar de un estado a otro = toggle.

* base de datos en estado original = raw database.

* buen estado físico = fitness, physical fitness.

* datos en estado bruto = raw facts.

* dejar a Alguien en estado = knock + Alguien + up.

* el estado de las cosas = the lay of the land [the lie of the land, -UK].

* en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.

* en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.

* en estado = pregnant, in the family way.

* en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated.

* en estado de alerta = on standby, on alert.

* en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.

* en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.

* en estado de descomposición = decaying.

* en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.

* en estado de reserva = on standby.

* en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.

* en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.

* en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.

* en mal estado = in bad condition, in poor condition, in bad shape, in poor shape, in bad nick.

* en perfecto estado = intact, in mint condition, in immaculate condition.

* en su estado embrionario = in its embryonic stage.

* en su estado natural = in the wild.

* en tado de deterioro = dilapidated.

* en un estado embrionario = in an embryonic stage.

* estado actual = current state, present state.

* estado anímico = state, mood.

* estado civil = marital status.

* estado de abandono = state of neglect.

* estado de alerta = state of alert.

* estado de amenaza terrorista = terror alert.

* estado de ánimo = mood, state of mind, frame of mind, humour [humor, -USA].

* estado de cambio = state of flux.

* estado de confusión = state of confusion.

* estado de emergencia = state of emergency.

* estado de excepción = state of emergency, state of exception.

* estado de inactividad = state of dormancy.

* estado de la circulación = traffic conditions.

* estado de la cuestión = state of the art.

* estado del arte = state of the art.

* estado de las artes = state of the arts.

* estado de las carreteras = traffic report, road conditions.

* estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.

* estado del ordenador en línea = onlineness.

* estado del tiempo = weather conditions.

* estado de salud = state of health.

* estado de trance = state of trance.

* estado de una situación = state of being.

* estado de vigilia = wakefulness.

* estado físico = physical condition, physical shape, physical state.

* estado híbrido = hybridity.

* estado incompleto = incompleteness.

* estado latente = latency, state of dormancy.

* estado líquido = molten state.

* estado molecular = molecular state.

* estado natural = natural state.

* estado sólido = solid state.

* estado vegetativo = vegetative state.

* estado vegetativo persistente = persistent vegetative state.

* estar en estado = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.

* estar en estado de buena esperanza = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.

* estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.

* estudio crítico del estado de la cuestión = review.

* estudio del estado de la cuestión = survey.

* física del estado sólido = solid state physics.

* información en su estado primario = raw information.

* informe del estado de la cuestión = state of the art report, state of the art review.

* informe sobre el estado de la nación = state of the nation report.

* informe sobre el estado general de las carreteras = road report.

* mal estado = disrepair, state of disrepair.

* mal estado de salud = poor health.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mujer en estado = pregnant woman.

* perfecto estado = intactness.

* poner en estado de alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.

* que conserva su estado natural = unspoilt [unspoiled, -USA].

* quedarse en estado = become + pregnant, be up the spout.

* sin información sobre el estado anterior = stateless.

* volver Algo a su estado anterior = put + Nombre + back on track.

* * *

estado

masculine

A

1 (situación, condición) state

el debate sobre el estado de la nación the debate on the state of the nation

la casa está en buen estado the house is in good condition

las carreteras están en muy mal estado the roads are in very poor condition o in a very bad state

la carne estaba en mal estado the meat was bad o ( BrE) off

en avanzado estado de descomposición ( frml); in an advanced state of decomposition

en estado de embriaguez ( frml); under the influence of alcohol

tomar estado público ( RPl frml); to become public (knowledge)

2 ( Med) condition

su estado general es satisfactorio ( frml); his general condition is satisfactory

en avanzado estado de gestación ( frml); in an advanced state of pregnancy ( frml), seven ( o eight etc) months pregnant

no debería fumar en su estado she shouldn't smoke in her condition

estar en estado ( euf); to be expecting ( colloq)

estar en estado de buena esperanza ( hum); to be expecting a happy event ( euph)

estar en estado interesante ( hum); to be expecting ( colloq)

quedarse en estado ( euf); to get pregnant

Compuestos:

● estado civil

marital status

● estado de alerta

state of alert

● estado de ánimo

state of mind

● estado de coma

coma

estaba en estado de coma she was in a coma

● estado de cuenta

bank statement, statement of account

● estado de emergencia or excepción

state of emergency

● estado de gracia

state of grace

● estado de guerra

state of war

● estado del tiempo

weather conditions

● estado de máxima alerta

state of maximum alert

● estado de máxima seguridad

state of maximum security

● estado de sitio

state of siege

● estado financiero

financial statement

● estado sólido

solid state

B

1 (nación) state

la seguridad del Estado national o state security

2 (gobierno) state

un asunto de estado a state matter

el Estado the State

3 ( Hist) (estamento) estate

el primer/segundo/tercer estado the first/second/third estate

Compuestos:

● estado benefactor

welfare state

● estado ciudad

city-state

● estado de bienestar

welfare state

● estado de derecho

constitutional democracy with guaranteed rule of law

● estado llano

el estado llano the commonalty, the commons (pl)

● Estado Mayor

( Mil) general staff

● estado policía

police state

● estado soberano

sovereign state

● estado tapón

buffer state

● estado villano

( Pol); rogue state

* * *

Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)

estado es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
estado
estar
estado sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( en general) state;

◊ estado de ánimo state of mind;

estado de cuenta bank statement;
estado de emergencia or excepción state of emergency;
la casa está en buen estado the house is in good condition
b) (Med) condition;

◊ estar en estado (euf) to be expecting (colloq);

quedarse en estado (euf) to get pregnant
c)

◊ estado civil marital status

2 (nación, gobierno) state;
◊ la seguridad del Eestado national o state security;

estado de bienestar welfare state
estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
1
a) ( seguido de adjetivos)

◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;

estás más gordo you've put on weight;
estoy cansada I'm tired;
está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
b) ( con

◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;

¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
◊ está casada con un primo mío she's married to a cousin of mine

3 ( seguido de participios)
◊ estado sentado to be sitting;

estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
ver tb v aux 2
4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
(para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);
◊ estoy a régimen I'm on a diet;

¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
verbo intransitivo
1 ( en un lugar) to be;
◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;

está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
solo estadoé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
¿cuánto tiempo estadoás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
2 ( en el tiempo):
◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;

¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
estamos en primavera it's spring
3
a) (tener como función, cometido):

◊ para eso están los amigos that's what friends are for;

estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them
b) ( radicar) to lie;

◊ en eso está el problema that's where the problem lies

4 (estar listo, terminado):
◊ la carne todavía no está the meat's not ready yet;

lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):
◊ te está pequeña it's too small for you;

la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
estado v aux
1 ( con gerundio):
◊ está lloviendo it's raining;

estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
2 ( con participio):
◊ ese asiento está ocupado that seat is taken;

ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
ver tb estar cópula 3
estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
◊ ¿no te puedes estado quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;

estese tranquilo don't worry
estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
estado sustantivo masculino
1 Pol state
estado de bienestar, welfare state
2 (circunstancia, situación) state, condition: este abrigo está en un estado lamentable, this coat is in a terrible state
no puedes conducir en ese estado, you can't drive in that condition
estado de ánimo/ excepción/guerra/sitio, state of mind/emergency/ war/siege
estado civil, marital status
Mil Estado Mayor, staff
♦ Locuciones: estar en estado (de buena esperanza), to be expecting
abogado del Estado, legal representative of the State
razón de Estado, reason of State
estar verbo intransitivo
1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
está dormido, he's asleep
está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
(con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
(con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
(: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
(: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
estar al caer, to be just round the corner
estar en baja, to be waning
estar en todo, to be on top of everything
estaría bueno, whatever next
ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.

' estado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abogada
- abogado
- aconfesional
- amiguete
- animada
- animado
- anímica
- anímico
- ánimo
- aparato
- atonía
- bajón
- barra
- bienestar
- BOE
- boletín
- bonanza
- bono
- bregar
- con
- condición
- coño
- dejar
- deplorable
- desocupación
- deterioro
- día
- dormitar
- estribar
- fiscal
- fragmentaria
- fragmentario
- ir
- golpe
- gravedad
- hombre
- jefa
- jefatura
- jefe
- lamentable
- licitar
- mentar
- mira
- notar
- penosa
- penoso
- permanecer
- permanencia
- primitiva
- primitivo
English:
abject
- absent
- act up
- agitation
- almost
- Attorney General
- bad
- bad-tempered
- be
- blissful
- budget
- canvass
- chancellor
- check up on
- club
- combine
- comfortable
- condition
- conscious
- consciousness
- coup
- crown
- decaying
- deliberate
- delusion
- denunciation
- disease
- disheveled
- dishevelled
- disrepair
- doldrums
- ever
- evident
- fall
- fitness
- fixture
- frame of mind
- gilt-edged
- he's
- head
- herself
- himself
- incompleteness
- intermittent
- intoxicated
- limbo
- maintain
- marital status
- marriage
- mind

* * *

estado nm

1. [situación, condición] state;

su estado es grave his condition is serious;

me lo encontré en un estado penoso I found him in a pitiful state;

el estado de su cuenta arroja un saldo positivo your account is in credit;

estar en buen/mal estado [vehículo, terreno, edificio] to be in good/bad condition;
[alimento, bebida] to be fresh/Br off o US spoiled;
la moqueta se halla en muy mal estado the carpet is in very bad condition;

en estado de alerta on (the) alert;

en estado de guerra at war;

Comp

estar en estado (de buena esperanza) to be expecting, to be in the family way;

quedarse en estado to become pregnant;

Comp

estar en estado de merecer to be marriageable

Comp
estado de ánimo state of mind, mood;
estado de bienestar welfare state;

estado civil marital status;

estado de coma: [m5] en estado de coma in a coma;

estado de cuentas statement of accounts;

estado de emergencia state of emergency;

estado de equilibrio state of equilibrium;

estado estacionario [de enfermo] stable condition;

estado de excepción state of emergency;

estado de gracia [de santo] state of grace;

estar en estado de gracia [deportista] to be on excellent form;

estado de reposo: [m5] en estado de reposo at rest;

estado de salud (state of) health;

estado de sitio state of siege;

estado vegetativo vegetative state;

estado vegetativo permanente persistent vegetative state

2. Fís state;

un cuerpo en estado sólido/líquido/gaseoso a body in a solid/liquid/gaseous state

Comp
estado cristalino crystalline state
3. [gobierno] state;

temas de estado affairs of state;

un hombre de estado a statesman;

el Estado [el gobierno, la administración] the State;

asuntos que atañen a la seguridad del Estado matters relating to state security;

el Estado de las Autonomías = the organization of the Spanish state into autonomous regions with varying degrees of devolved power

4. [país, división territorial] state;

un estado independiente an independent state;

un estado de derecho a state which is subject to the rule of law

Comp
estado policial police state;
Estados Unidos (de América) United States (of America);

Estados Unidos Mexicanos United Mexican States

5. Mil Estado Mayor general staff

6. Hist [estamento] estate

Comp
Hist los Estados Generales the Estates General;
el estado llano the third estate, the common people

* * *

estado

m

1 state

2 MED condition;

en buen/mal estado in good/bad condition

3

:

el Estado the State

* * *

estado nm

1) : state

2) : status

estado civil: marital status

3) condición: condition

* * *

estado n

1. (en general) state

una empresa controlada por el estado a state controlled company

tu estado de salud your state of health

2. (condición) condition

está en mal estado it's in bad condition

estar en estado to be expecting

estado civil marital status

los Estados Unidos the United States

Spanish-English dictionary > estado
14 законы Сообщества
1. Gemeinschaftsrecht
законы Сообщества
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

Community law
The law of European Community (as opposed to the national laws of the member states.) It consists of the treaties establishing the EC (together with subsequent amending treaties) community legislation, and decisions of the court of justice of the European Communities. Any provision of the treaties or of community legislation that is directly applicable or directly effective in a member state forms part of the law of that state and prevails over its national law in the event of any inconsistency between the two. (Source: DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- Community law
DE
- Gemeinschaftsrecht
FR
- droit communautaire
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > законы Сообщества
15 droit communautaire
1. законы Сообщества
законы Сообщества
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

Community law
The law of European Community (as opposed to the national laws of the member states.) It consists of the treaties establishing the EC (together with subsequent amending treaties) community legislation, and decisions of the court of justice of the European Communities. Any provision of the treaties or of community legislation that is directly applicable or directly effective in a member state forms part of the law of that state and prevails over its national law in the event of any inconsistency between the two. (Source: DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- Community law
DE
- Gemeinschaftsrecht
FR
- droit communautaire
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > droit communautaire
16 Gemeinschaftsrecht
1. законы Сообщества
законы Сообщества
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

Community law
The law of European Community (as opposed to the national laws of the member states.) It consists of the treaties establishing the EC (together with subsequent amending treaties) community legislation, and decisions of the court of justice of the European Communities. Any provision of the treaties or of community legislation that is directly applicable or directly effective in a member state forms part of the law of that state and prevails over its national law in the event of any inconsistency between the two. (Source: DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- Community law
DE
- Gemeinschaftsrecht
FR
- droit communautaire
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Gemeinschaftsrecht
17 законы Сообщества
1. droit communautaire
законы Сообщества
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

Community law
The law of European Community (as opposed to the national laws of the member states.) It consists of the treaties establishing the EC (together with subsequent amending treaties) community legislation, and decisions of the court of justice of the European Communities. Any provision of the treaties or of community legislation that is directly applicable or directly effective in a member state forms part of the law of that state and prevails over its national law in the event of any inconsistency between the two. (Source: DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- Community law
DE
- Gemeinschaftsrecht
FR
- droit communautaire
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > законы Сообщества
18 estado1

¹ = state, commonwealth.

Ex. WLN (Western Library Network) is composed of libraries in the states of Washington and Alaska in the United states, and is expanding to cover other states and libraries in Canada.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Academic libraries: `towards commonwealth and coalitions'.

----

* abogado del estado, abogado de la corona = Queen's Counsel (QC).

* al norte del estado = upstate.

* capital del estado = nation-state capital, state capital.

* Capitolio del Estado = State Capitol.

* condición de estado = statehood.

* controlado por el estado = state-controlled.

* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la C = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).

* de varios estados = multi-state [multistate].

* empleado del estado = state employee.

* en el norte del estado = upstate.

* en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].

* estado árabe = Arab state.

* estado de derecho = rule of law.

* estado de hecho = rule of men.

* estado del bienestar = welfare state.

* estado isleño = island nation.

* estado laico = secular state.

* estado miembro = member government, member state.

* estado nacional = nation state, national state.

* estado niñera = nanny state.

* estado paternalista = nanny state.

* estados bálticos, los = Baltic States, the.

* estado soberano = sovereign state.

* Estados Unidos continental = continental United States, the.

* Estados Unidos de América, los (EE.UU., los) = USA, the (United States of America, the).

* Estados Unidos, los = US, US, the [U.S.], United States, the.

* financiado por el estado = state-supported, state-funded.

* golpe de estado = coup d'etat, putsch.

* Guerra entre España y los Estados Unidos, la = Spanish-American War, the.

* hombre de estado = statesman [statesmen, -pl.].

* intento de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.

* jefe de estado = head of state, chief of state.

* jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.

* localizado en los Estados Unidos = US-based.

* nación sin estado = stateless nation.

* objeto de delito contra el estado = impeachable.

* papá estado = nanny state.

* poder del estado = state power.

* propiedad del estado = state property.

* región central de los Estados Unidos, la = American midwest, the.

* regulado por el estado = state-regulated.

* secretario de Estado = Secretary of State.

* Secretario de Estado, el = State Secretary, the.

* secreto de estado = state secret.

* supervisado por el estado = state-regulated.

* tentativa de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.

* visita de estado = state visit.

* zona de los tres estados = tristate area.

Spanish-English dictionary > estado1
19 Bürger

Bürger m POL citizen, resident
* * *
Bürger
citizen, city dweller, civilian, commoner, freeman, (Gesellschaftsschicht) member of the middle class;
• von Bürgern initiiert citizen-initiated;
• voll berechtigter Bürger full citizen;
• einfacher Bürger private citizen;
• Nicht-EU-Bürger non-Community citizen;
• am schlechtesten gestellter Bürger last-advantaged citizen;
• prominente Bürger civic headliners (US);
• Bürger eines Mitgliedstaats der Europäischen Union national of a member state of the European Union;
• Europäische Bürger beauftragte, Bürgerbeauftragter des Europäischen Parlaments (EU) European Ombudsman;
• Bürgerbeteiligung public participation;
• Bürgergemeinschaft community association (group);
• Bürgerinitiative citizens’ action group;
• Bürgerkrieg civil commotion.

Business german-english dictionary > Bürger
20 CMS

1) Компьютерная техника: подсистема диалоговой обработки, Система управления содержимым / контентом (Content management system)

2) Авиация: cabin management system, code material society, companent maintenance sheet

3) Медицина: кардиометаболический синдром (http://www.almazovcentre.ru/files/116124.pdf), cardiometabolic syndrome, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

4) Военный термин: Central Materiel Service, Command and Management System, Common Mapping Standard, Community Management Staff, Condor missile system, Container Management System, Court-Martialled and Shot, collection management system, combat mission section, combat mission simulator, common manpower standards, common military syllabus, configuration management system

5) Техника: Constant Maturity Swap, center-of-mass system, computer management system, content management solution, control and monitor system, copper materials system, cryptocyanine mode selector

6) Сельское хозяйство: certified meat sire, ЦМС, цитоплазматическая мужская стерильность

7) Шутливое выражение: Clay Metamorphic Servant

8) Химия: Center for Materials Simulation

9) Математика: составляющая среднего квадрата (component of mean square)

10) Юридический термин: Case Management System, Central Monitoring Service

11) Бухгалтерия: Cost Management System, Credit Management System

12) Фармакология: Concerned Member State

13) Автомобильный термин: catalyst monitor sensor

14) Кино: Content Management System

15) Полиграфия: (Color management system) система управления цветом. Обеспечивает однородность цветов в устройствах ввода и вывода с тем, чтобы обеспечить соответствие цвета на оттиске цвету оригинала

16) Сокращение: Christian Medical Society, Church Missionary Society, Circuit Maintenance System, Cockpit Management System, Combat Maintenance / Management System, Combat Monitoring System, Communications Management System, Complement Management System (1983, job bidding system in HRIS), Complement Management and Selection (bidding system in HRIS), Consumers and Marketing Service, Control Monitor Set, Crown Metro Salchi SpA (Italy), Conversational Monitor Subsystem, centre-of-mass system, Cooling Medium Supply

17) Университет: Center Of Migration Studies, College Management System, College Of Martial Science, Course Management System, Curriculum Management System

18) Физиология: Circulation, motion, sensation

19) Электроника: Coordinate Measuring System

20) Вычислительная техника: Chip Multiprocessor System, Content Management Software / System, Conversational Monitor System, Code Management System (DEC, CM), (Cambridge) / Conversational Monitor System (IBM, OS, VM, VME, VM/ESA, Z/VM), Cryptographic Message Syntax (Verschluesselung, RFC 2630), система управления цветом

21) Нефть: corrective measures study

22) Транспорт: Changeable Message Signs, Congestion Management Systems

23) Фирменный знак: Chiropractic Management Systems, Claremont Mudd Scripps

24) Экология: КМВ (Конвенция об охране мигрирующих видов диких животных) (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals)

25) СМИ: Compact Music System

26) Деловая лексика: Contact Management System, Custom Manufacturing And Services, Customer Management Strategy

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: control, metering and safety cables, Corporate Management System

28) Менеджмент: construction master schedule, construction master schedule contract master schedule

29) Сетевые технологии: Call Management System, Central Monitoring Station, Color Management System, Connection Management System, Corporate Messaging Solution, диалоговая мониторная система, система управления вызовами, система управления соединениями, центральная система управления (Central Management System)

30) Программирование: (Content Management Systems) системы управления информационным наполнением (Web-сайтов) (см. Content Management Systems), Content Management System - Система создания сайтов и управления ими

31) Автоматика: computerized manufacturing system, coolant management system, coordinate measurement system

32) Ядерная физика: Coincidence Mossbauer Spectroscopy, компактный мюонный соленоид, Compact Muon Solenoid

33) Сахалин Р: Contract Master Schedule

34) Химическое оружие: CMS Research Corporation, corrective measure study

35) Безопасность: Cryptographic Message Syntax

36) Расширение файла: Call Management Server, Cambridge Monitor System, Code Management System, Compiler Monitor System, Conversation Monitor System

37) SAP.тех. сервис управления содержимым

38) Керамика: Ca-Mg-Silicate

39) Антарктика: Конвенция о сохранении мигрирующих видов дикой фауны

40) Фармация: Concerned Member States (заинтересованные государства-участники)

41) ООН: Chaos, Misery, And Suffering

42) NYSE. CMS Energy Corporation

43) НАСА: Command Management System

44) Программное обеспечение: Content Management Systems, Conversation Monitoring System

45) Федеральное бюро расследований: Communist Pro Soviet

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CMS

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